{"id":8548,"date":"2020-05-14T18:08:55","date_gmt":"2020-05-14T12:38:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/?p=8548"},"modified":"2024-11-19T11:59:25","modified_gmt":"2024-11-19T06:29:25","slug":"law-of-passing-off-of-trademark-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/law-of-passing-off-of-trademark-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Law of Passing Off of Trademark in India"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">As the economy is growing, trades are now increasing at a rapid pace. To symbolize and recognize the products and services associated with the trade, the traders of a trade associate themselves with name or mark by which the products and services of traders are known to general public at large. This mark or name is known as Trademark. The <strong><em>Trade Mark Act, 1999, read with the Trade Mark Rules, 2002<\/em><\/strong>, gives rights related to the Trade Mark. These rules and regulations provide a plenty of rights to the holder of the registered Trademark and to the person whose application is pending for Registration in the Trademark registry. The person whose application of <a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/trademark-registration\"><strong>Trademark registration<\/strong><\/a> is pending can stop the use of similar or identical marks by the Law of Passing Off of Trademark. In this article, we will discuss the provisions related to the Law of Passing Off of Trademark in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Page Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/law-of-passing-off-of-trademark-in-india\/#What_is_the_meaning_of_Passing_Off\" >What is the meaning of Passing Off?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/law-of-passing-off-of-trademark-in-india\/#What_are_the_essential_elements_of_Passing_Off_of_Trademark_in_India\" >What are the essential elements of Passing Off of Trademark in India?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/law-of-passing-off-of-trademark-in-india\/#What_are_the_remedies_for_Passing_Off_of_Trademark_in_India\" >What are the remedies for Passing\nOff of Trademark in India?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/law-of-passing-off-of-trademark-in-india\/#What_are_the_defenses_available_to_the_Infringing_party_for_Passing_Off_of_Trademark_in_India\" >What are\nthe defenses available to the Infringing party for Passing Off of Trademark in\nIndia?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/law-of-passing-off-of-trademark-in-india\/#What_are_the_case_laws_related_to_Passing_Off_of_Trademark_in_India\" >What are the case laws related to Passing Off of\nTrademark in India?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/law-of-passing-off-of-trademark-in-india\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_meaning_of_Passing_Off\"><\/span>What is the meaning of Passing Off?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If any person sells his\/her goods as the goods of another person, then the owner of Trademark can take action regarding the act of such other person as this act becomes a case of Passing Off of Trademark. The law of Passing Off is used to safeguard or protect the reputation and goodwill attached to an unregistered Trademark. When any Trademark which is already registered by the owner and any kind of Infringement happens, then it becomes a suit for Trademark Infringement, on the other hand, if the Trademark is not registered by the owner and Infringement happens in such case it becomes a case of Passing Off. The Passing Off of Trademark is not a statutory remedy; instead, it is a common law remedy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the case of <strong><em>Perry vs. Truefitt [1842],<\/em><\/strong>\nthe principle of Passing Off was laid down for the first time. The principle of\nPassing Off was that no one has the right to represent his goods as the goods\nof someone else. The law of Passing Off has changed a lot over the time. Earlier,\nthe law was restricted to representing one person\u2019s goods as another person\u2019s.\nLater on, the law was expanded to trade and services and also to business and\nnon-business activities. Now, the law is applicable to various forms of unfair\ncompetition, and unfair trade wherein the activities of one person harms the\ngoodwill associated with the activities of another person or group of persons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is hard to prove Passing Off, as the claimants are required to prove that some of the public is at risk of some confusion between the two businesses. The most significant and important question in Passing Off is whether the conduct of the defendants is such as to confuse the public between the two businesses. The act of misrepresentation of the other party often damages the goodwill associated with a person or business, hence, causing reputational or financial damages. In the <em><strong>Trademarks Act, 1999<\/strong><\/em><strong><em>,<\/em><\/strong> Passing Off is defined in <strong><em>Section 27 (2), 134 (1)(c), and Section 135.<\/em><\/strong> The power or jurisdiction of the District Courts in the matter related to Passing Off of Trademark suits. Under <strong><em>Section 134 (1)(c) of the Trademark Act, 1999,<\/em><\/strong> the provisions related to try the suit or issue injunction are provided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>There are two kinds of Passing Off, which are as follows:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"336\" src=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/image-59.png\" alt=\"Types of Passing Off\" class=\"wp-image-8549\" srcset=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/image-59.png 576w, https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/image-59-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Extended Passing Off &nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the cases where\nPassing Off is actionable is the extended form of Passing Off. In this form of\nPassing Off, a misrepresentation on behalf of the defendant in reference to a\nparticular quality of products or services causes harm to the goodwill of the plaintiff.\nFor example, in the case of <strong><em>Erven Warnink vs. J Townsend &amp; Sons\n(Hull) Ltd {[1979] AC 731},<\/em><\/strong> in which the creators of advocaat sued the\nmanufacturers of a similar drink but not purely identical to advocaat, but the\nother drink was marketed successfully all over the market as being advocaat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reverse Passing Off &nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In the case of Reverse Passing Off, any person or trader sells, markets, or produces the products or services of some other person or business so as to pass off his\/her own business as a branch of the other person or business.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_essential_elements_of_Passing_Off_of_Trademark_in_India\"><\/span>What are the essential elements of Passing Off of Trademark in India?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are three essential elements of Passing Off. The three essential elements are also known as the Classical Trinity, as the House of Lords restored them in the case of<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reckitt_%26_Colman_Products_Ltd_v_Borden_Inc\" target=\"_blank\">&nbsp;<\/a>&nbsp;<em><strong>Reckitt &amp; Colman Ltd v Borden Inc.<\/strong><\/em>&nbsp;<em><strong>This case established the three elements of Passing Off, which are as follows:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"336\" src=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/image-60.png\" alt=\"elements of Passing Off of Trademark in India\" class=\"wp-image-8550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/image-60.png 576w, https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/image-60-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Misrepresentation&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The plaintiff is\nrequired to show false intention or misrepresentation on behalf of the\ndefendant. In misrepresentation, the defendant tries to make the common public\nbelieve that the products and services provided by the defendant are of the\nplaintiff. There should be some actual confusion or deception among the common\npublic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Goodwill<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It should be\nproved by the plaintiff that the person or the goods and services own some kind\nof reputation in the mark used by the other person, and such an act of using an\nidentical or similar mark will confuse the public with the specific goods or\nservices of the plaintiff. The concept of goodwill is more broadly defined in\nthe case of&nbsp;<strong><em>Trego vs. Hunt<\/em><\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Damage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to stop the infringing party, the offended party is required to prove that he\/she has suffered an actual or reasonable loss of business due to the alleged misrepresentation of the infringing party. Generally, the loss is difficult to prove and involves the inspection of books of account of both parties on certain practical grounds. The possibility of loss is sufficient to prove that there is damage to goodwill of the plaintiff. Hence, the plaintiff is required to prove that the misrepresentation from the side of the defendant has harmed the goodwill or cause loss to the reputation of the plaintiff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"text-left\"><b>Read our article<\/b>:<mark style=\"background: #fffd03 !important;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/apply-for-online-trademark-registration-in-india\/\">How Can You Apply For Online Trademark Registration in India?<\/a><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_remedies_for_Passing_Off_of_Trademark_in_India\"><\/span>What are the remedies for Passing\nOff of Trademark in India?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The plaintiff is required to apply for an injunction prohibiting any\nother person or business from using his\/her Trademark or goodwill of the\nproducts or services. An Injunction is ordered to prevent any further use of\nthe Trademark by the defendant. The passing of an injunction is an effective\nremedy for the prevention of any type of Infringement of registered Trademark\nor unregistered Trademark.&nbsp;<strong><em>The Trademark Act, 1999<\/em><\/strong>, under\nSection 135, provides injunctive relief to the plaintiff. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>An injunction can be ordered in various types which are as follows:<\/em><\/strong><strong><em><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Anton Piller Order<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Anton Piller Orders are prior partial orders to inspect the premises\nof the defendant. The court may order the plaintiff in a case where the\ndefendant is likely to dispose or destroy the materials or substances which\ncontain the Trademark of the plaintiff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mareva Injunction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In such an order of Mareva Injunction, the court has the power to freeze\nthe assets of the defendant, where the property of the defendant is likely to\nbe canceled or dissolved, so any judgement granted against him will not be\nenforced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Interlocutory Injunction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the most common form of an injunction that is ordered by the court.\nAn interlocutory injunction acts to take certain action against the defendant\nbased on some former violation. An interlocutory injunction is an order to prohibit\nthe continuous usage of the Trademark of the plaintiff by the defendant, which\nis leading to an infringement of the unregistered Trademark of the plaintiff. The\nmain objective of this order is to prevent one from any further infringement of\nan unregistered Trademark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Perpetual Injunction<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Perpetual Injunction is an injunction that prohibits and prevents the\ndefendant completely, for all time, from performing any such acts that violate\nthe exclusive rights of the owner of the unregistered or registered Trademark. Usually,\na perpetual injunction is granted when the suit of Infringement is finally\nsettled by the court.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Infringing goods to be destroyed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A search and seizure order of the court prohibits and prevents the\ndefendant from delivering all products or goods that are labelled or branded\nwith the brand name of the plaintiff. Here, the court can direct the defendant\nfor the return of such related material accounts and also to destroy all such\ngoods or products resembling the products or goods of the plaintiff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sue for the damages or seek to account for lost profits<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Damages provided to the real owner are compensation for the loss, which was incurred by the real owner. The loss can be recovered from the defendant in the form of such compensations by the real owner of the Trademark. The monetary worth or value of loss for reputation or financial loss of the brand of the owner is recovered under damages provided by the court. The court will award the total amount of the damage and account of lost profits after taking into consideration the certain and actual loss of the owner of the brand because of the Passing Off.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_defenses_available_to_the_Infringing_party_for_Passing_Off_of_Trademark_in_India\"><\/span>What are\nthe defenses available to the Infringing party for Passing Off of Trademark in\nIndia?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>The defenses available to the infringing party in\ncase of Passing Off of Trademark are as follows:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>The\nsign, name, or other marks that are sought to be withdrawn should not be\nspecific or similar to the goods or business of the plaintiff.<strong><em><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There\nis no existence of goodwill in the mark used by the infringing party.<strong><em><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The\nplaintiff has already given consent or encouraged the use of the mark.<strong><em><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A\nseparate case of Passing Off.<strong><em><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The\nproducts and services or business of the plaintiff are completely different\nfrom that of the defendant. Both the plaintiff and defendant are sharing the similar\nor same Trademark, but both of them are providing different products and\nservices or business, then in such a case, both of them can take this defense\nin the case of Passing Off of Trademark. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_case_laws_related_to_Passing_Off_of_Trademark_in_India\"><\/span>What are the case laws related to Passing Off of\nTrademark in India?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>The case laws related to Passing Off of\nTrademark in India are as follows:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Britannia Industries Ltd. vs. ITC Ltd. 2017 (70) PTC 66 (Del)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In this case, the respondent filed a civil suit against\nthe appellant for Infringement of copyright of the trade dress of the product\nof the respondents \u2018Sunfeast Farmlite.\u2019 The court said that the exclusivity and\nappropriation claimed regarding a get-up and particularly to a color\ncombination stands on a different platform from a Trademark or a Trading name\nbecause colors and the combination of colors are not characteristically and\ninherently distinctive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, it should not be easy for a person to claim\nexclusivity over a combination of colors, particularly when the same color\ncombination has been in usage only for a short time period. It is possible only\nwhen it is established that the color combination has become distinctive of a product\nfor a person so that an order for Infringement can be made in his\/her favor who\nis using the distinct color combination. The court felt that such a\ndistinctiveness is not present in this case. Hence, when the first element of Passing\nOff of Trademark was not established, the court was of the opinion that there\nis no need to examine the other aspects of misrepresentation and the likelihood\nof damage. Thus, the suit was dismissed as there was no case of Passing Off of\nTrademark.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Nirma Limited v. Nimma International and Anr. 2010 (42) PTC 307 (Del)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In this case, the plaintiff (Nirma Limited Company) was\nthe owner of the Trademarks, which were \u2018Nirma\u2019 and \u2018in Nima,&#8217; registered in the\nyear 1979 and 1982, respectively, for dealing in detergent powder, toilet soap,\netc. The plaintiff was facing the Trademark Infringement by the defendants\n(Nimma International and Anr.), as they were using the Trademarks \u2018Nimma\nInternational\u2019 and \u2018Nimson\u2019s Nima Care\u2019 for their cosmetic products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The plaintiff filed a suit for <a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/trademark-infringement-meaning-types-and-remedies\/\"><strong>Trademark Infringement<\/strong><\/a> and pleaded for an order of permanent injunction against the defendants, as the plaintiff wanted to prohibit and prevent the use of the aforesaid marks, as an amount for the Trademark Infringement as well as Passing Off of Trademark of plaintiff. The court held that the two Trademarks, \u2018Nimson&#8217; and &#8216;Nirma,&#8217; are semantically and phonetically different. Further, the court said that the trade classes and channels of consumers of goods and services sold by both of them under these aforesaid marks are also totally different. Hence, the mark \u2018Nimson\u2019 is not deceptively similar to the mark &#8216;Nirma.&#8217; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But on the other hand, in the case of &#8216;Nimma\nInternational,&#8217; the opinion of the court was different. The defendant\u2019s\ndocuments failed to prove ownership of any registered Trademark in the matter\nof &#8216;Nimma,&#8217; while in the case of Plaintiff the Registration of Trademark in the\nmatter of the mark \u2018Nirma\u2019 was very strong and also had a reputation of three\ndecades. The use of the mark \u2018Nimma\u2019 by the defendant will create confusion in\nthe mind of the general public and will make the public to believe that the\ngoods and services under the mark \u2018Nimma\u2019 belong to the plaintiff. Hence, the\ncourt allowed the defendants to use the mark &#8216;Nimson,&#8217; but the use of mark\n\u2018Nimma\u2019 was restrained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The protection of the Trademark is necessary for the business as well as for the protection of customers from any kind of cheating and fraud. The action of Passing Off is applicable in case of unregistered goods and services. The scope of Passing Off of Trademark is vast as compared to Trademark Infringement. Though the process and remedies of the suit of Passing Off are the same for both registered and unregistered Trademarks, but in case of unregistered marks, the burden of proof becomes greater as it becomes difficult to establish reputation and goodwill. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The remedy available is provided to ensure that the reputation and goodwill of the owner of the Trademark is not affected. Hence, one should thoroughly research before going for Registration of a Mark with the Trademark Registry in order to avoid any kind of Infringement proceedings against him\/her. The process of Registration of Trademark is lengthy and time-consuming. We at <a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/\"><strong>Corpbiz<\/strong><\/a> have experts to help you with the whole process of Registration of Trademark. Our skillful experts will guide and assist you in the entire process of Registration of Trademark. Our experts will ensure the effective and timely completion of your work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"text-left\"><b>Read our article<\/b>:<mark style=\"background: #fffd03 !important;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/definition-of-trademark-registration-objection-and-assignment\/\">Basic Definition of Trademark Registration, Objection and Assignment<\/a><\/mark><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As the economy is growing, trades are now increasing at a rapid pace. To symbolize and recognize the products and services associated with the trade, the traders of a trade associate themselves with name or mark by which the products and services of traders are known to general public at large. This mark or name [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":8587,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2],"tags":[568],"acf":{"service_id":"18"},"authorName":"Sakshi Sharda","authorImageUrl":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sakshi-sharda.jpg","authorDescription":"Sakshi Sharda has done BBALLB(HONS) and holds a strong knowledge on the matters pertaining to finance and law. From the past one year she is working as a legal advisor and in her leisure time she works on improvising her knowledge. Sakshi is spreading her knowledge by writing for Corpbiz.","postViews":16589,"readingTime":9,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8548"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8548"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8548\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":67243,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8548\/revisions\/67243"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8587"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8548"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}