{"id":52696,"date":"2023-02-20T17:16:44","date_gmt":"2023-02-20T11:46:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/?p=52696"},"modified":"2023-02-20T17:16:46","modified_gmt":"2023-02-20T11:46:46","slug":"eia-guidance-manual-for-the-coal-washeries","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/eia-guidance-manual-for-the-coal-washeries\/","title":{"rendered":"EIA Guidance Manual for the Coal Washeries"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Coal Washeries\nare very important for the country&#8217;s long-term growth. Recognizing its\nsignificance, the Government of India&#8217;s Ministry of Environment and Forests\ndeveloped policies and procedures governing industrial and other developmental\nactivities to prevent indiscriminate exploitation and promote incorporating\nenvironmental concerns into development projects. With a notification published\non September 14, 2006, and revised on December 1, 2009, the Ministry of\nEnvironment and Forest made prior <strong><a class=\"text-primary\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/environmental-clearance\">Environmental Clearance<\/a><\/strong> (EC) for specific developmental\nprojects necessary. Coal-fired power stations will continue to play an\nessential part in our country&#8217;s electricity generation. Coal-fired power\nfacilities provide around 70% of the country&#8217;s electricity. The quality of the\ncoal is critical to the environmental issues of a power plant. The quality of\nIndian coal is primarily due to its origin. Inorganic contaminants are deeply\nintegrated into the coal matrix due to the drift origin of Indian coal,\nresulting in complex beneficiation characteristics. According to the CPCB data,\nalmost 200 million tonnes of coal reach consumers with an ash percentage\naverage of 40%. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Page Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/eia-guidance-manual-for-the-coal-washeries\/#Benefits_of_Using_Washed_Coal\" >Benefits\nof Using Washed Coal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/eia-guidance-manual-for-the-coal-washeries\/#Coal_Cleaning_method_in_Coal_Washeries\" >Coal\nCleaning method in Coal Washeries<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/eia-guidance-manual-for-the-coal-washeries\/#Environmental_Clearance_Process\" >Environmental\nClearance Process<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/eia-guidance-manual-for-the-coal-washeries\/#Validity_of_Environmental_Clearance\" >Validity\nof Environmental Clearance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/eia-guidance-manual-for-the-coal-washeries\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Benefits_of_Using_Washed_Coal\"><\/span>Benefits\nof Using Washed Coal<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The benefits of using washed coal are as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Improved generating efficiency.<\/li><li>Plant availability gets increases.<\/li><li>Lower investment costs.<\/li><li>Lower operation and maintenance (O&amp;M) expenses\nas a result of less wear and lower fuel and ash handling costs.<\/li><li>Lower transportation costs and energy saving in\nthe transportation industry<\/li><li>Impurities are reduced, and coal quality is\nenhanced.<\/li><li>Less strain on the air pollution control system;\nand<\/li><li>The amount of solid trash that must be disposed of\nis reduced.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Coal Washeries\nprimarily focus on separating impurities using physicochemical methods based on\nvariations in the specific gravity of coal elements as well as differences in\nsurface qualities of the coal and its mineral content. The properties of coal\npreparation plant waste are heavily influenced by the raw coal used and the\nfinished product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\ndischarge of coal washery effluents causes considerable visual and aesthetic\ndegradation. In general, the appearance of these effluents during release from\nthe outlet of washery facilities is black\/brownish-black in colour, with high\nturbidity and a large load of suspended particles, mainly in the form of coal\nfines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Coal_Cleaning_method_in_Coal_Washeries\"><\/span>Coal\nCleaning method in Coal Washeries<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The\ntechniques are roughly called &#8216;Wet&#8217; and &#8216;Dry&#8217; processes. The dry method does\nnot utilize water, whereas the wet process uses water as the primary medium for\nwashing and jigging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Crushing <\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The\npurpose of crushing is to decrease the Run of Mine (ROM) coal to a size\nappropriate for washing, and size reduction involves a variety of concepts such\nas compression, impact, shearing, splitting, and attrition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Primary crushers are typically intended to accept ROM coal and crush it to a top size of 2&#8243; to 8&#8243;.<\/li><li>Secondary crushers are typically intended to lower the size (to a top size of 1 34&#8243;) of the middling fraction from jigs or the middling fraction from heavy &#8211; medium trough separators and then rewash these fractions.<strong> <\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Screening<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Screening\ndivides a heterogeneous mixture of particle sizes into groups in which all\nparticles have a maximum and lowest size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Screens\nfor Coal Preparation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Scalping screen &#8211; used to separate trash and fines\nbefore size reduction.<\/li><li>Raw coal sizing screen- used to separate raw coal\ninto coarse and fine particles for subsequent processing.<\/li><li>Pre-wet screen- used to eliminate particles before\nmechanical cleaning.<\/li><li>Heavy media recovery screens- for magnetite\nrecovery and reuse<\/li><li>Desliming screens remove severe particulates, whereas\ndewatering screens are used to remove water.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Dense Medium Separators<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Specific\ngravity difference is also employed in dense-medium vessels; however, a\nmagnetite suspension and water are used instead of water as the separating\nmedium. This suspension has a specific gravity between that of coal and trash,\nallowing for better separation. A thin magnetite slurry in water can reach\nrelative densities of up to 1.8. Dense-medium separators employ a variety of\ncontainers, including baths, cyclones, and cylindrical centrifugal separators.\nSeveral types of baths are employed for bigger particle sizes; however, these\nrequire a significant amount of dense medium and hence magnetite. For smaller\nsizes, cyclones are used where the residence time is short and throughput\nrelatively high. Cylindrical centrifugal separators are used for coarse and\nintermediate coal. Dense-medium cyclones clean coal by accelerating the\ndense-medium coal and refuse by centrifugal force. The coal Washeries exit the\ncyclones from the top and the refuse from the bottom. Better separation of\nsmaller-sized coals can be achieved by this method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Hydrocyclone<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydro-cyclones\nare water-based cyclones that collect heavier particles along the walls and\nremove them via the base cone. Lighter (cleaner) particles remain closer to the\ncentre and are eliminated by the vortex finder at the top.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Concentration Tables<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Concentration\ntables are titled and ribbed, moving horizontally back and forth. The lighter\ncoal particles sink to the table&#8217;s bottom, while the heavier trash particles\ngather in the ribs and are transported to the table&#8217;s end. This device can\nclean fine coal at a low cost, but its limited capacity is only adequate on\nparticles with specific gravities larger than 1.5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Froth Flotation<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The most\ncommon method for cleaning particles is froth flotation. Froth flotation cells\nmake use of differences in the surface properties of coal and refuse to purify\nultra-fine coal. The coal-water combination is chemically conditioned such that\nair bubbles stick exclusively to the coal and float it to the top while reject\nparticles sink. The slurry in the cell is bubble dumped, and clean coal is\nrecovered in the froth that forms the top.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Dry Cleaning<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The dry\ncoal preparation process employs an air-dense fluidized bed, which makes use of\nthe properties of an air-solid fluidized bed-like liquid. A consistent and\nstable air-solid suspension is generated, which processes a specific density;\nlight and heavy feed are separated by density in suspension. The low-density\nmaterial rises to the surface, while the high-density stuff sinks to the\nbottom. After separating and eliminating the magnetic, two qualified items are\nproduced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Launder <\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A trickle\nof water feeds raw coal into the top end of a trough. When the coal and water\nstream travels down the incline, particles with the highest settling rate sink\ninto the stream&#8217;s lower strata. These are the middling particles, often known\nas waste particles. Before separation, the clean coal particles tend to the top\nlayers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Environmental_Clearance_Process\"><\/span>Environmental\nClearance Process<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nEnvironmental Clearance process for Coal Washeries will comprise the following\nfour stages. These stages are in sequential order:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Stage (1)<\/strong> &#8211; Screening (only for category \u2013 B projects) <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;Screening&#8217;\nrefers to Category &#8216;B&#8217; projects or activities, the process by which the SEAC\nexamines an application for EC in Form 1 to determine whether the project or\nactivity requires additional environmental studies for the preparation of an\nEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or not for its appraisal before the grant\nof environmental Clearance, depending on the nature and location specificity of\nthe project. The projects that require an Environmental Impact Assessment\nreport will be designated as Category &#8216;B1,&#8217; while the remaining projects will\nbe categorized as Category &#8216;B2&#8217; and will not require an EIA report. Except for\nitem 8 (a), new guidelines from the Ministry of Environment and Forests must be\nfollowed for project categorization into B1 or B2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Stage (2)<\/strong> &#8211; Scoping <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;The\nprocess by which the EAC, for category &#8216;A&#8217; projects or activities, and the\nSEAC, in the case of category &#8216;B1&#8217; projects or activities, determine detailed\nand comprehensive TOR addressing all relevant environmental concerns for the\npreparation of an EIA report in respect of the project or activity for which\nprior Environmental Clearance is sought is referred to as scoping. The EAC and\nSEAC concerned shall determine the TOR based on the information provided in the\nprescribed application Form 1, including the TOR proposed by the applicant, a\nsite visit by a sub-group of EAC only if deemed necessary by the EAC or SEAC\nconcerned, and any other information that may be provided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Stage (3)<\/strong> &#8211; Public Consultation <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The term\n&#8220;public consultation&#8221; refers to ascertaining the concerns of locally\naffected citizens and those who have a plausible stake in the environmental\neffect of the project or activity to include all material issues into the project\nor activity design as appropriate. Following the conclusion of the public\nconsultation, the applicant must address any substantial environmental concerns\nraised during the process and make the necessary adjustments to the draught EIA\nand EMP. The applicant must submit the final EIA report to the relevant\nregulatory body for evaluation. Instead, the applicant may submit a\nsupplementary information to the draught EIA and EMP that addresses all the\nissues raised during the public consultation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Stage (4)<\/strong> &#8211; Appraisal <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The EAC\nthoroughly examines the application and other documents, such as the final EIA\nreport and the results of public consultations, including public hearing\nprocesses, submitted by the applicant to the regulatory authority involved in\nthe grant of EC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Validity_of_Environmental_Clearance\"><\/span>Validity\nof Environmental Clearance <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nprevious Environmental Clearance given is valid for five years. The regulatory\nauthority may prolong the validity term by up to five years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Generic\nStructure of Environmental Impact Assessment Document<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According\nto the MoEF, GoI&#8217;s EIA announcement, the generic format of the EIA document\nwill be as specified below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Introduction<\/li><li>Project Description <\/li><li>Environment Description <\/li><li>Anticipated Environmental Impact &amp; Mitigation\nMeasures Alternatives Analysis (Technology&amp; Site)<\/li><li>More Research for the Environmental Monitoring\nProgram<\/li><li>Analysis of Environmental Costs and Benefits<\/li><li>Environmental Management Strategy (EMP)<\/li><li>Conclusion &amp; Synopsis<\/li><li>Consultants Involved Disclosure<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Approval\/clearance\nrequired under the following acts should be expressly stated: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980<\/strong><sup><a class=\"text-primary\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forest_Conservation_Act,_1980\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/sup><\/li><li>The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 <\/li><li>The CRZ Notification, 1991 <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>In case\nof expansion\/modernization of the project, the environmental compliance status\nfor the existing project should be furnished for the following: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\ncurrent project&#8217;s environmental clearance status and compliance with the terms\nand conditions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Validity\nof SPCB\/PCC Air &amp; Water Consent Orders and Hazardous Waste Authorization\n(HWA) for the current project<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SPCB\/PCC compliance\nstatus with Standards and particular criteria<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Notices\/directions\nissued by regulatory bodies in the recent year under section 33(A) of the Water\nAct, 1974 as amended, section 31(A) of the Air Act, 1981 as amended, and any\ndirections made under the provisions of the E (P) Act, 1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Compliance\nstatus for the instructions\/enactments that are binding on project activities\nas per notifications given from time to time by regulatory bodies<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>India&#8217;s coal consumption is predicted to rise as additional coal-fired power plants are built and demand from metallurgical and other sectors. Drift coals from India might include up to 40% ash in rare situations. As a result, before being used by businesses, coal must be cleaned in Coal Washeries plants to reduce the ash concentration to an acceptable level. Coal Washeries procedures, if not managed appropriately, have the potential to generate enormous amounts of pollutants and pollute the air, water, and land. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"text-left\"><b>Read Our Article<\/b>: <mark style=\"background: #fffd03 !important;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/eia-guidelines-for-development-projects\/\">Overview Of EIA Guidelines For Development Projects<\/a><\/mark><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Coal Washeries are very important for the country&#8217;s long-term growth. Recognizing its significance, the Government of India&#8217;s Ministry of Environment and Forests developed policies and procedures governing industrial and other developmental activities to prevent indiscriminate exploitation and promote incorporating environmental concerns into development projects. With a notification published on September 14, 2006, and revised on [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":52697,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2093],"tags":[3125],"acf":{"service_id":"571"},"authorName":"Suchandra Mukherjee","authorImageUrl":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/MicrosoftTeams-image-52-1.jpg","authorDescription":"Suchandra is a 5th Year Law Student, pursuing Law from University of Mumbai. She has published 100+ Articles and Blogs on Legal Portals and International Multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journals. She is adept at legal research and can write fast SEO-friendly creative articles and blog posts on legal topics. She loves to paint and watch thriller movies in her free time.","postViews":2592,"readingTime":6,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52696"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/52"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52696"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52699,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52696\/revisions\/52699"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/52697"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=52696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=52696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}