{"id":15790,"date":"2020-09-03T15:51:19","date_gmt":"2020-09-03T10:21:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/?p=15790"},"modified":"2020-09-03T16:33:31","modified_gmt":"2020-09-03T11:03:31","slug":"the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/","title":{"rendered":"Overview on Patent Litigation and Patent Dispute Settlement by Arbitration"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Intellectual Property Rights is one of the most important\nproperties of almost all the domain internationally. New technologies in\nvarious fields have increased in the number of patent applications filed in\nIndia. However, exploitation, protection, and enforcement of patent rights at\nthe international level are crucial for all the innovators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Therefore, <strong><em>patent litigation requires court proceedings in every jurisdiction where the <\/em><\/strong><em><a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/patent-registration\"><strong>registered patent<\/strong><\/a><\/em><strong><em> is allegedly infringed<\/em><\/strong>. If the particular product has a worldwide market, then the patent litigation has a substantial legal and financial impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Page Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/#Patent_Litigation_as_an_Emerging_Trend_in_India\" >Patent Litigation as an Emerging Trend in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/#Prominent_cases_of_Patent_Litigation\" >Prominent cases of Patent Litigation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/#Patent_Dispute_Settlement\" >Patent Dispute Settlement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/#Patents_Act_of_1970_and_Dispute_Settlement_Forum\" >Patents Act of 1970 and Dispute Settlement Forum<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/#Who_Can_Be_Part_of_Patent_Litigation\" >Who Can Be Part of Patent Litigation?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/#WIPO_Arbitration_and_Mediation_Centre\" >WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Centre<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/#Advantages_of_Arbitration_in_Patent_disputes\" >Advantages of Arbitration in Patent disputes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/#Disadvantages_of_Arbitration_over_Patent_Disputes\" >Disadvantages of Arbitration over Patent Disputes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/the-patent-litigation-and-patent-dispute-settlement-by-arbitration\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Patent_Litigation_as_an_Emerging_Trend_in_India\"><\/span>Patent Litigation as an Emerging Trend in India<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In recent trends, patent cases are rising in pharmaceutical\npatent and SEP cases shaping up its IPR regime. The Court procedures and laws\nrelated to patents are also evolving day by day with an increasing number of\npatent cases resulting in simpler and stricter procedural laws that have\nreduced the time taken to decide the case.&nbsp;\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The aggrieved parties are also encouraged to arrive at a\npatent dispute settlement, reducing the courts&#8217; burden. However, there is still\na need to disperse patent awareness and patent litigation in other parts of the\ncountry. However, the volume of patent litigation in India has seen a spike\nafter 2007. In recent judgments, especially those rendered after trial, have\nestablished India as a strong enforcer of intellectual property regimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prominent_cases_of_Patent_Litigation\"><\/span>Prominent cases of Patent Litigation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In \u201c<strong><em>F.Hoffmann-la Roche Ltd v Cipla Ltd<\/em><\/strong>,\n&#8221; Citing the case involved two pharmaceutical giants; Hon&#8217;ble Delhi High\nCourt found Cipla, an Indian generic manufacturer infringing the Swiss drug\nmajor Hoffmann-La Roche&#8217;s patented drug Erlotinib Hydrochloride. Same as, in <strong><em>Merck\nSharp &amp; Dome v. Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd<\/em><\/strong>., Hon&#8217;ble Delhi High\nCourt barred Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd., the Mumbai based company, from\nselling its anti-diabetes drug based on Merck&#8217;s patented drug Sitagliptin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Patent_Dispute_Settlement\"><\/span>Patent Dispute Settlement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In patent cases, the patent dispute settlement is mostly\npivoted on an outcome of the request for an interim injunction made by a\npatentee. It has given rise to high pitched battles between parties at the\nbeginning of the case itself on a temporary injunction. In most of the matters,\nthe courts have been liberal in granting interim injunctions in the first\nhearing itself, even granting ex-parte injunctions before summoning the\nrespective defendants. It has put the patent holders at an advantage to bring\nan early end to the case by way of settlement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"shadow1\"><strong>For example:<\/strong> Ericsson filed cases against different mobile phone manufacturers in India, and interim injunctions were granted in most of them. However, the litigations eventually ended with the settlement between the parties. The defendants agreed to pay royalties on mutually settled rates. Similarly, many cases were instituted by Vringo Infrastructure against different entities, which were also settled.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>With the discussion on \u201c<strong><em>Ericsson and Vringo cases<\/em><\/strong>,&#8221; one\ncannot miss the advent of patent cases arising out of &#8216;Standard Essential\nPatents.&#8217; Where a patent in a technical field becomes necessary to meet the\nstandard of such technology, it is termed a <strong><em>Standard Essential Patents<\/em><\/strong>\n(SEP). The benefits of SEPs are provided to manufacturers utilizing such\nstandards by way of a license agreement between the SEP holder and the\nmanufacturer. The manufacturers&#8217; protection from the unfair and inconsistent\nlicense terms, standard-setting bodies make it mandatory for a SEP holder to\nprovide license at are fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Patents_Act_of_1970_and_Dispute_Settlement_Forum\"><\/span>Patents Act of 1970 and Dispute Settlement Forum<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>India has already a highly developed judicial system with the Supreme Court having plenary powers <strong><em>(Article 142)<\/em><\/strong> to make an order for doing complete justice in any cause or matter and have a binding effect <strong><em>(Article 144),<\/em><\/strong> to all authorities, Civil and Judicial, in the territory of India to act in aid of Supreme Court. The Indian <strong><em>Patent Act 1970<\/em><\/strong><sup><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patent_Act_of_1790\"><strong><em>[1]<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/sup> provides for its own administrative and judicial setup. The Head office of the patent is headed by the Controller of Patents appointed by the central government. The central government is empowered to appoint other officers who will be subordinate to the controller and function under supervision.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Patents&#8217; Controller has been vested with a civil court&#8217;s\npower under some proceedings before him while trying a suit under CPC 1908. The\nAct empowers the controller in certain matters such as summoning and compels\nattendance, discovery, and production of documents, receiving evidence of\naffidavits, issuing commissions for taking evidence and awarding costs, etc.,\nto act in accordance to <strong><em>Civil Procedure Code 1908.<\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Under so many proceedings before the controller as applications, oppositions, revocations, amendments of applications, specifications, and so many other liabilities, the controller can proceed with the matter of applying natural justice norms. The Controller General of the patents can order the opportunity to be heard, compelling presence of any person or documents.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Who_Can_Be_Part_of_Patent_Litigation\"><\/span>Who Can Be Part of Patent Litigation?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"571\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image-15.png\" alt=\"Patent Litigation\" class=\"wp-image-15808\" srcset=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image-15.png 571w, https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image-15-300x183.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Patentee<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If there is any infringement of his rights, the first right\nto file a suit for infringement lies with the patentee as the right holder.\nOnce granted in favor of a patentee, the patent gives him certain rights to\nuse, sell, and produce overall commercial exploitation for a specific period.\nAny act by any other person without the authorization, if it amounts to\ninfringement, renders the patentee competent to file suit for infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exclusive licensee<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The exclusive licensee is deemed at par with patentee for\nfiling suits for infringement. After the date of the grant of a license, the\nexclusive licensee can file an infringement suit for any infringement committed\nafter the grant of license. The patentee can also be joined as the plaintiff\nand not joined to be made, the defendant. There it can be said that Act\nempowers the exclusive licensee to file suits for infringement, and if the\npatent right holder does not take any interest in the filing of a suit, he can\nbe made pro forma defendant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Licensee<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Section 110 of the Patents Act of 1970 also entitles the licensee to file suits for <a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/penalties-suits-and-appeals-against-the-patent-infringement\/\"><strong>Patent infringement<\/strong><\/a>. The licensee will have to call upon the patentee to take proceedings to prevent any infringement of the patent. Suppose the patentee refuses or neglects to do so within two months after being so called upon. In that case, the licensee may institute proceedings for infringement in his name as though he was himself patentee, and patentee could be made pro forma defendant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WIPO_Arbitration_and_Mediation_Centre\"><\/span>WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Centre<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to provide services for a resolution of commercial\ndisputes through mediation and arbitration between the parties involving\nintellectual property. The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center was\nestablished in 1994 in Geneva, Switzerland. The arbitration procedures offered\nby the Center are widely recognized as particularly appropriate for\nentertainment, technology, and other disputes involving intellectual property. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>WIPO arbitration begins with the claimant submitting a request for arbitration to the WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center. The request for arbitration must contain the summary details concerning the dispute.<\/li><li>Within 30 days from the receipt of the request for arbitration, the respondent has to file an answer to the request.<\/li><li>The parties will choose the number of arbitrators which will sit on the tribunal. In the absence of any agreement by the parties, the WIPO Center will appoint the sole arbitrator, except where the WIPO Center determines that 3 arbitrators are appropriate. <\/li><li>The statement of claim has to be filed within 30 days from the constitution of the tribunal.<\/li><li>The statement of defence has to be filed within 30 days of the receipt of the statement of claim. <\/li><li>The tribunal may schedule further submissions.<\/li><li>By party request or tribunal discretion, a hearing may be held for the presentation of evidence by witnesses and experts and oral argument.<\/li><li>After the tribunal is satisfied that the parties have had adequate opportunity to present submission and evidence, it will declare the proceedings closed.<\/li><li>The final award by the tribunal must be delivered within 3 months from the closure of the proceedings.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"text-left\"><b>Read our article<\/b>:<mark style=\"background: #fffd03 !important;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/cancellation-of-design-registration-in-india\/\">Cancellation of Design Registration in India<\/a><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages_of_Arbitration_in_Patent_disputes\"><\/span>Advantages of Arbitration in Patent disputes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Patent rights are territorial rights by its nature, associated with the specific jurisdiction in which the protection is sorted. Hence, various jurisdictions&#8217; patent litigation procedures cannot be merged and are subjected to the one country law where the invention is protected. The different jurisdictions&#8217; legal system differs in the procedure, method of handling similar issues, time-lines, and decision-makers with varying degrees of experience and technical expertise. The patent dispute resolution is an alternative to the courts, and arbitration is one the most extremely used internationally because of its distinct advantages. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"606\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image-13.png\" alt=\"Advantages of Arbitration in Patent disputes\" class=\"wp-image-15792\" srcset=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image-13.png 606w, https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image-13-300x173.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><figcaption><br><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Single Procedure <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Patent disputes are often involved with parties from\ndifferent countries. So, court litigation usually results from inconsistency\ndue to the differences in legal procedures in different countries. An\narbitration helps the parties to solve the patent disputes in a single\nprocedure and less expensive. It helps to avoid complications and inconsistency\nin the litigation proceedings in several jurisdictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resolution with Neutrality <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In arbitration, parties will be able to opt for the law,\nlanguage, procedures, rules, and customs that are neutral and negotiable. The\narbitration can happen anywhere, in any language, and with the arbitrators\nbelongs to any nationality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Confidentiality <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The resolution of any disputes through arbitration hearings\ncan be kept confidential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Faster and Economical<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The arbitration procedure is speedy and less expensive than\nlitigation proceedings in the courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final Enforceability of the Decision<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Unlike the court&#8217;s judgment, which can usually be appealed\nor contested in a higher court, arbitration results are final, and resolution\ncomes into force immediately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Freedom to choose a Competent Decision-Maker<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the arbitration&#8217;s most important features is that the parties will be able to select their arbitral committee. It is to make sure that their dispute is heard by the committee that they trust, considered to be independent, experienced, and neutral in the relevant subject-matter. A higher level of technical competence is required. The arbitral committee allows parties to select an arbitrator of their choice, preferably the one who has an inherent understanding of the case in disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disadvantages_of_Arbitration_over_Patent_Disputes\"><\/span>Disadvantages of Arbitration over Patent Disputes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Even though arbitration is the better way to resolve the patent dispute, it also has its limitations. For instance, certain disputes can only be resolved by court litigation. Sometimes, it is impossible to resolve the dispute that would set a public legal criterion through arbitration.  The arbitration procedure, an arbitral award or a settlement agreement, are mainly binding on only the parties involved. Suppose a party wants to obtain a generally binding decision that the claims of a particular patent were valid or invalid. In that case, the only means of obtaining such a decision will be through a court judgment. Additionally, arbitration&#8217;s harmonious nature makes it less appropriate if one of the two parties is not cooperating. If both parties must agree to use arbitration, no party can force another to participate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"456\" height=\"185\" src=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image-14.png\" alt=\" Arbitration over Patent Disputes\" class=\"wp-image-15793\" srcset=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image-14.png 456w, https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/image-14-300x122.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unable to settle the subject matter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes by arbitration, the issues of a patent dispute cannot\nbe able to settle under the law of a particular state. For instance, in a\npatent dispute over an infringement, an arbitral committee will not determine\nwhether a patent is being infringed or not. Besides, an arbitrator\/ committee\nmay not have the power to grant injunctions where a court has the right to\ngrant. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lack of access to Precedents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Since arbitration resolutions are private, the precedents on\nearlier arbitration resolutions may not be accessible and may not deter other\ninfringers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Arbitration offers a self-help route to resolve disputes outside the court, where the parties have greater control over the proceedings. Arbitration is a better way of resolving patent disputes than patent litigation because it is a more efficient, less expensive, and less procedural way of resolving disputes. But sometimes, it may not essentially be the case as arbitral proceedings become more complex. Parties would like to maintain a good relationship and want to have their dispute out of public knowledge would also prefer the arbitration route.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"text-left\"><b>Read our article<\/b>:<mark style=\"background: #fffd03 !important;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/process-of-patent-registration-india\/\">Detailed Process of Patent Registration in India<\/a><\/mark><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Intellectual Property Rights is one of the most important properties of almost all the domain internationally. New technologies in various fields have increased in the number of patent applications filed in India. However, exploitation, protection, and enforcement of patent rights at the international level are crucial for all the innovators. Therefore, patent litigation requires court [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":15803,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[282],"tags":[958],"acf":{"service_id":"20"},"authorName":"Soumya Bajpai","authorImageUrl":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0.jpg","authorDescription":"Soumya has done LLB (Hons) and has a 2+years experience in writing. Her main interest is in reading judgments, new enactments and amendments taking around in law. She always strives to bring the best to work that she does.","postViews":4826,"readingTime":7,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15790"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15790"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15790\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15809,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15790\/revisions\/15809"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15803"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15790"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15790"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/corpbiz.io\/learning\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15790"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}